What Was the Great Schism of 1054? Causes and Consequences

Something happened on Saturday, July 16, 1054. As afternoon prayers were about to begin at the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Cardinal Humbert of Rome strode to the main altar, placed a parchment of excommunication upon it, shook the dust from his sandals, and walked out. Days later, Patriarch Michael Cerularius responded in kind, … Read more

What Does a Dove Symbolize in Christianity? A Deep Theological Explanation

There is something about a dove that stops people. It is not just the bird. It is what the bird carries. Centuries of biblical memory have charged this simple creature with extraordinary theological weight, so that when Christians see a dove, they are not simply noticing wildlife. They are touching the edge of something older … Read more